WASHINGTON (PAI)—National Labor Relations Board General Counsel Jennifer Abruzzo has told agency officials that athletes at private colleges and universities are “employees” who can organize and bargain collectively — blasting the concept of a “student-athlete.”
And not only their colleges would have to respond, she said. The ruling body of college athletics, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) could in some cases be a “joint employer” with the university or college, equally responsible for obeying or breaking labor law, Abruzzo warned in a footnote late in her nine-page memo.
While players receive “stipends” to cover their tuition, room and board, the colleges and their coaches control virtually every facet of their time on campus, and can also decide whether to cut fire them. That means the schools and coaches are, effectively, employers.
College athletes tried to unionize before, with an organizing drive several years ago by the Steelworkers among football players at a top private university in Los Angeles being the first shot.
More recently, football players at Northwestern University in the Chicago suburb of Evanston, Ill., voted to unionize, and NLRB Chicago Regional Director Peter Sung Ohr had ruled for them. Key issues were not the stipends, but complete control coaches and administrators have over players’ class schedules, course selection, practice times, interaction with other students and—most importantly—treatment of and compensation for injuries.
Northwestern and the NCAA appealed that ruling by Ohr, now Abruzzo’s deputy, to the full NLRB during a GOP majority’s reign. It ducked the case. But in her memo, Abruzzo said that board left the ultimate unionization issue open.
And since then, there’s been further erosion of the student-athlete myth. Abruzzo cited football and basketball players organizing on their own to speak out for the Black Lives Matter movement and against coaches’ demands they come to practice and play on campuses despite the coronavirus pandemic—which forced those institutions to bar regular students.
There’s also been employer retribution against players who spoke out, Abruzzo reported. Other bosses fire pro-union workers during and after organizing drives. She cited a
September 2021 lawsuit filed by a Washington State University football player whose coach had cut him “for his support of the #WeAreUnited movement.”
“The concern about retaliation is very real,” Abruzzo laconically noted.
But Abruzzo particularly cited an unanimous U.S. Supreme Court ruling that college athletes have the right to organize, hire agents, and bargain with corporate sponsors to get paid for use of their “names, images and likenesses” on shoes, jerseys and other memorabilia.
“The freedom to engage in far-reaching and lucrative business enterprises makes players at academic institutions much more similar to professional athletes employed by a team to play a sport, while simultaneously pursuing business ventures to capitalize on their fame and increase their income,” Abruzzo said.

And while concurring in the High Court ruling, Justice Brett Kavanaugh openly said the next step could be to let the athletes unionize, she pointed out.

Kavanaugh “suggested one mechanism by which colleges and students could resolve the difficult questions regarding compensation is by ‘engag[ing] in collective bargaining,’” Abruzzo wrote (her emphasis).

“In NCAA v. Alston, the Supreme Court…recognized college sports is a profit-making enterprise and rejected the NCAA’s antitrust defense based in the notion of amateurism in college athletics,” Abruzzo, a former top counsel for the Communications Workers, explained.

“The court held NCAA rules limiting certain education-related compensation schools may offer athletes, such as rules that limit scholarships for graduate or vocational school, payments for academic tutoring, or paid post-eligibility internships, violate antitrust law,” she said. Though the justices didn’t discuss athletic scholarships and stipends, they “rejected the notion that NCAA compensation restrictions are ‘forevermore’ lawful.”

And Kavanaugh “strongly suggested the NCAA’s remaining compensation rules also violate antitrust laws and questioned ‘whether the NCAA and its member colleges can continue to justify not paying student athletes a fair share’ of the billions of dollars they generate,” she added. Basketball and football earned Northwestern alone $30 million in yearly revenue, and $8 million in profits, Ohr found. That was one of the smaller revenue sums in college athletics.

The NCAA has waged a long war, in courts and Congress, against unionization and pay for players. It also sets contract terms, Abruzzo wrote. That could make it a joint employer.  

“Because players…perform services for, and are subject to the control of, the NCAA and their athletic conference, in addition to their college or university, in appropriate circum- stances I will consider pursuing a joint employer theory of liability. As one commentator explained, the NCAA exercises strict control over players, beginning with establishing eligibility standards and terms” governing how “they may enter the workforce (athletic team).” Those include “unilateral contract terms in the ‘Student-Athlete Agreement,’ detailed recruitment rules, and extensive compliance requirements, which can result in termination if violated.”